INDIA! Carpet and Rugs

India is a place I want to visit again and again. The people, the food, the textiles, the architecture, the scenery, and the chaos. The architecture such as the Taj Mahal is timeless and so beautiful. The colourful street scenes are busy and diverse. 

India is the second largest producer of silk in the world after China. About 97% of the raw silk comes from five Indian states, namely, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. There are so many beautiful silks to be found.

The carpet factories I visited were a few hours north of New Delhi. 
The climate is perfect for working with natural wool and silk in most months except monsoon season. The factories have large rooms assigned for dying, weaving, tufting, gluing, trimming, carving and packing.

Yarn colours are chosen from a pom box pictured below. The yarns are then dyed to match the specific colour. 

For handtufted rugs the yarns are then hand tufted using a tufting gun into hand drawn patterns on large cotton backing sheets which are on stretchers. After tufting is complete the rugs have a backing glued on and then dry outside. Then the rug goes into final finishing and gets trimmed or carved according to the design. Carving and trimming is done with large scissors by hand. The process for hand knotted rugs is more labour intensive.

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Extremely intricate patterns can be achieved and almost any colour can be custom dyed. The neutral palette of this rug I designed, creates a juxtaposition of a traditional pattern in a  contemporary colour palette. 

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Carpet and rugs are an important component to interior design. Wall to wall carpet or area rugs have different functions in different environments. They can help with acoustics, makes space feel warmer, softer, add texture, colour and help to bring together all the finishes in the space for a cohesive design. They can be used for way finding or define an area in a room.
Luxury rugs and carpets typically tend to be thick and dense. Natural materials such as silk or wool are typical for luxury.

Commercial and office carpet tends to be either broadloom or carpet tile and is thin and durable. Carpet produced for commercial use is typically made from one of six pile fibers: nylon, polypropylene (olefin), acrylic, polyester, wool, or cotton. These carpets are manufactured mainly in the US, China, and Europe. Custom carpets produced for the luxury residential and commercial market tend to be made in India, Nepal, China, Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Morocco, and Europe. 

Definitions:
Broadloom Carpet: Wall to wall carpet that comes in rolls, the largest possible width made on the loom, at any length.
Area Rug: A loose rug hat covers only part of the floor.
Carpet Tile: Modular, square pieces of carpet pieced together to form a uniform larger or wall to wall carpeting
Pile Height: The thickness of a rug or carpet measured from the top surface to the backing
Pile: The material of the rug or carpet. Flat or short pile is the least thick pile and shaggy or longer pile is the thickest. The pile, or carpet fibres can be either cut (plush) or looped (berber), creating different textures.
Weft: (in weaving) the crosswise threads on a loom over and under which other threads (the warp) are passed to make cloth.
Warp: (in weaving) the threads on a loom over and under which other threads (the weft) are passed to make cloth.
Knot Density: The knot density is the number of knots per square metre. It is obtained by counting the knots on the backside of the carpet - 10 cm in the direction of the warp and 10 cm in the direction of the weft. Multiply the number of knots in each direction with each other and then multiply the result with 100. The number given is the number of knots per square metre.
 
​Types of carpet
Woven: Woven rugs are produced on a loom. Woven rugs can be either plush or berber or combination called cut and loop pile. Woven carpets are usually the most expensive due to the long and slow process of manufacturing them. These are typically manufactured in India, Pakistan and Arabia.

Needle felt: Needle felts are produced by felting individual synthetic fibers using barbed and forked needles forming an extremely durable carpet. These carpets are normally found in commercial settings such as hotels and restaurants where there is frequent traffic.Needlefelt is available in different qualities, for example 750 g/m2 fibre weight, 600 g/m2 and 500 g/m2. Needle felt carpets reduce ambient noise, making it ideal for use in places which require a tranquil atmosphere and a minimum of noise distraction, such as offices.  

Knotted: Knotted carpet is produced by setting up a loom with warp threads on the frame of the loom before weaving begins. A number of weavers may work together on the same carpet. A row of knots is completed and cut. The number of knots determine the quality of the carpet, the more dense, the more precious the carpet or rug. 
Both vertical and horizontal looms have been used in the production of European and oriental carpets. There are several styles of knotting, but the two main types of knot are the symmetrical (also called Turkish or Ghiordes) and asymmetrical (also called Persian or Senna). Today knotted carpet production takes place in: Lahore and Peshawar (Pakistan), Kashmir (India / Pakistan), Mirzapur, Bhadohi (India), Tabriz (Iran), Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Northern Africa, Nepal, Spain, Turkmenistan, and Tibet. 

Flatweave: Created by interlocking warp (vertical) and weft (horizontal) threads. Oriental flatwoven carpet include kilims, soumak, plain weave, and tapestry weave. Types of European flatwoven carpets include Venetian, Dutch, damask, haircloth, and ingrain (aka double cloth, two-ply, triple cloth, or three-ply).

Hooked Rug: Handmade by pulling strips of cloth (wool or cotton) through meshsuch as burlap.