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Beni Ourain Moroccan Rugs

4/7/2020

4 Comments

 
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Frank Lloyd Wrights Falling Water Interior (*1)

The Beni Ourain style of Moroccan rug has seen a rise in popularity recently but this style of rug was first made popular by Frank Lloyd Wright and Alvar Aalto as early as the 1930's. Alvar Aalto's Mairea house & Frank Lloyd Wright's Falling Water are examples of this. These rugs complment modern and contemporary interiors because of their simplicity and primitive patterns.

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Alvar Aaltos Villa Mairea (*2)
The carpets were originally produced by the Beni Ourain Berber people near Taza, Morocco.The tribal patterns are mostly geometric symbols with some organic shapes. The Beni Ouarain rugs may date back as far as the tribes history in the region which is up to one thousand years ago. Traditionally, the rugs were used for warm beds and bedding. The patterns on the rugs depict life in the region with symbols for farming, protection, nature, birth, fertility, tools, and animals. Some believe the rugs themselves are protection against evil spirits. 

The majority of this style of rugs are typically made from un-dyed, natural wool, in a white or beige colour with tribal designs in darker brown and black hues using natural dyes, with a pile height of 2-7cm.

Below are examples of the typical Beni Ourain rugs found today.
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As seen in the charts below, symbols on the rugs depict  barley, spiders, frogs, snake and fish skeletons, seeds, metal workers, birds and much more.
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Check out my pinterest page for more symbols and images.
Interested in buying one? Check out www.studiobrandt.ca
*1 http://ideasgn.com/architecture/fallingwater-frank-lloyd-wright/
*2 http://ounodesign.com/2009/06/20/aaltos-villa-mairea-in-finland/

http://www.berber-arts.com/berber/index.php/editoral/white-giants-vintage-beni-ouarain-rugs


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4 Comments

INDIA! Carpet and Rugs

4/6/2020

3 Comments

 
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India is a place I want to visit again and again. The people, the food, the textiles, the architecture, the scenery, and the chaos. The architecture such as the Taj Mahal is timeless and so beautiful. The colourful street scenes are busy and diverse. 
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India is the second largest producer of silk in the world after China. About 97% of the raw silk comes from five Indian states, namely, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. There are so many beautiful silks to be found.
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The carpet factories I visited were a few hours north of New Delhi. 
The climate is perfect for working with natural wool and silk in most months except monsoon season. The factories have large rooms assigned for dying, weaving, tufting, gluing, trimming, carving and packing.
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Yarn colours are chosen from a pom box pictured below. The yarns are then dyed to match the specific colour. 
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For handtufted rugs the yarns are then hand tufted using a tufting gun into hand drawn patterns on large cotton backing sheets which are on stretchers. After tufting is complete the rugs have a backing glued on and then dry outside. Then the rug goes into final finishing and gets trimmed or carved according to the design. Carving and trimming is done with large scissors by hand. The process for hand knotted rugs is more labour intensive.
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Extremely intricate patterns can be achieved and almost any colour can be custom dyed. The neutral palette of this rug I designed, creates a juxtaposition of a traditional pattern in a  contemporary colour palette. 
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Carpet and rugs are an important component to interior design. Wall to wall carpet or area rugs have different functions in different environments. They can help with acoustics, makes space feel warmer, softer, add texture, colour and help to bring together all the finishes in the space for a cohesive design. They can be used for way finding or define an area in a room.
Luxury rugs and carpets typically tend to be thick and dense. Natural materials such as silk or wool are typical for luxury.

Commercial and office carpet tends to be either broadloom or carpet tile and is thin and durable. Carpet produced for commercial use is typically made from one of six pile fibers: nylon, polypropylene (olefin), acrylic, polyester, wool, or cotton. These carpets are manufactured mainly in the US, China, and Europe. Custom carpets produced for the luxury residential and commercial market tend to be made in India, Nepal, China, Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Morocco, and Europe. 

Definitions:
Broadloom Carpet: Wall to wall carpet that comes in rolls, the largest possible width made on the loom, at any length.
Area Rug: A loose rug hat covers only part of the floor.
Carpet Tile: Modular, square pieces of carpet pieced together to form a uniform larger or wall to wall carpeting
Pile Height: The thickness of a rug or carpet measured from the top surface to the backing
Pile: The material of the rug or carpet. Flat or short pile is the least thick pile and shaggy or longer pile is the thickest. The pile, or carpet fibres can be either cut (plush) or looped (berber), creating different textures.
Weft: 
(in weaving) the crosswise threads on a loom over and under which other threads (the warp) are passed to make cloth.
Warp: (in weaving) the threads on a loom over and under which other threads (the weft) are passed to make cloth.
Knot Density: The knot density is the number of knots per square metre. It is obtained by counting the knots on the backside of the carpet - 10 cm in the direction of the warp and 10 cm in the direction of the weft. Multiply the number of knots in each direction with each other and then multiply the result with 100. The number given is the number of knots per square metre.
 
​Types of carpet
Woven: Woven rugs are produced on a loom. Woven rugs can be either plush or berber or combination called cut and loop pile. Woven carpets are usually the most expensive due to the long and slow process of manufacturing them. These are typically manufactured in India, Pakistan and Arabia.

Needle felt: Needle felts are produced by felting individual synthetic fibers using barbed and forked needles forming an extremely durable carpet. These carpets are normally found in commercial settings such as hotels and restaurants where there is frequent traffic.Needlefelt is available in different qualities, for example 750 g/m2 fibre weight, 600 g/m2 and 500 g/m2. Needle felt carpets reduce ambient noise, making it ideal for use in places which require a tranquil atmosphere and a minimum of noise distraction, such as offices.  

Knotted: Knotted carpet is produced by setting up a loom with warp threads on the frame of the loom before weaving begins. A number of weavers may work together on the same carpet. A row of knots is completed and cut. The number of knots determine the quality of the carpet, the more dense, the more precious the carpet or rug. 
Both vertical and horizontal looms have been used in the production of European and oriental carpets. There are several styles of knotting, but the two main types of knot are the symmetrical (also called Turkish or Ghiordes) and asymmetrical (also called Persian or Senna). Today knotted carpet production takes place in: Lahore and Peshawar (Pakistan), Kashmir (India / Pakistan), Mirzapur, Bhadohi (India), Tabriz (Iran), Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Northern Africa, Nepal, Spain, Turkmenistan, and Tibet. 

Flatweave: Created by interlocking warp (vertical) and weft (horizontal) threads. Oriental flatwoven carpet include kilims, soumak, plain weave, and tapestry weave. Types of European flatwoven carpets include Venetian, Dutch, damask, haircloth, and ingrain (aka double cloth, two-ply, triple cloth, or three-ply).


Hooked Rug: Handmade by pulling strips of cloth (wool or cotton) through meshsuch as burlap.
3 Comments

DESIGNING FOR 2020

4/1/2020

2 Comments

 
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2020, a year defined by the pandemic. No one was expecting a complete lockdown, COVID-19 came out of nowhere. Most people were obsessing over their next vacation, travel, and life was good. The COVID-19 Pandemic has placed a new blanket of caution on the world. Self isolation is the new normal. Healthcare professionals (and grocery store workers) are superheroes. We must all stay home for the sake of humanity.
Is this sustainable? What does this mean for the world of design? First of all, new makeshift healthcare facilities are needed, hotels are becoming shelters or places for more beds for the sick or healthcare workers. Airbnb has owners scrambling to rent properties monthly. Tourism is dead. The future of office design is debatable and home offices and backyards are seeing a lot more attention.
​Here are a few things the design world can do to make things a little better:
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Sinks in the MUDROOM! Yes, handwashing is the most important thing for us in 2020 so we need to start incorporating handwash areas in the entry points of the home. The mudroom is the perfect place. Everyone can wash their hands upon entry to the home.
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Copper and Brass. Copper has been proven to kill bacteria on it's surface. According to multiple sources and this article by Mark Wilson,  a writer from Fast Company "When influenzas, bacteria like E. coli, superbugs like MRSA, or even corona viruses land on most hard surfaces, they can live for up to four to five days. But when they land on copper, and copper alloys like brass, they begin to die within minutes and are undetectable within hours."
“We’ve seen viruses just blow apart,” says Bill Keevil, professor of environmental healthcare at the University of Southampton. “They land on copper and it just degrades them.”

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No wonder that in India, people have been drinking out of copper cups for millennia. Even in the US and Canada, a copper line are accepted materials to bring in drinking water. Copper is a natural, passive, antimicrobial material. It can self-sterilize its surface without the need for electricity or bleach."
Copper has been pushed out of many building applications because of new materials like plastics, PVC, and stainless steel. It’s time to bring copper for anything from door lever handles, knobs, cabinets, kicks or counter tops.
“even when tarnished, brass—an alloy typically of 67% copper and 33% zinc—[kills bacteria], while stainless steel—about 88% iron and 12% chromium—does little to impede bacterial growth.” “If your hospital is being renovated, try to retain old brass hardware"
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White Subway tile
A school of thought: spaces that look clean, feel clean. According to HGTV "white subway tiles may make you feel as though your kitchen is a more hygienic place to prepare food. In the late 19th century, as people were beginning to understand how infectious diseases spread, public buildings--hospitals in particular—installed white tiles so workers could immediately spot any dirt or grime, and easily wipe it clean." This trend has been happening for years and it's not slowing down.
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photo credit: House and Home Magazine

Sleeping Porches: Historically, there is has usually been a room protruding from the second floor of a Victorian house. This is called a sleeping porch. "sleeping porches became popular during the tuberculosis epidemic of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In a time before antibiotics, sunlight and fresh air were the best-known “cures” for the deadly disease. "

Outdoor spaces are going to become even more important then before. Landscape design, gardening, decks and patio furniture are going to become very important for everyone this summer. Spending more time at home means putting more thought and effort into making these spaces better, Outdoor gatherings are more common as opposed to entertaining in your home.
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Technology is key in the new reality for keeping us connected, entertained, working and homeschooled. Incorporating screens into home design in a non-obtrusive way is something that will be important in the future of design.
Samsung Frame has a good design for a smart screen that doubles as a piece of art in your home. Screens can be designed to be housed within cabinets or on lifts withing the floor or furniture to conceal them.
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2 Comments

Traditional Moroccan WOOD Ceilings: ZOUAQ PAINTING AND HAND CARVING

2/4/2020

9 Comments

 
One of the most beautiful, strong, and intricate features in Moroccan architecture are the traditional wood ceilings which are hand carved and hand painted. It is a main component of the decoration of private homes and sacred spaces in Morocco.

The hand painted designs used for the traditional ceilings is called Zouaq.  The painting technique originated in Morocco and consists of detailed geometric and floral patterns in a multitude of colours. This traditional painting is composed of geometric and biomorphic motifs and is painted onto wood using natural pigments.
Zouaq painting can be found painted onto ceilings, doors, furniture and wooden objects. 


Geometric Design and Floral Motifs are used in the design of the ceiling patterns. Based on Islamic beliefs, avoiding the use of human or animal images is preferable.

Color Symbolism ​

Color
Blue
Greenish
Turquoise
Fresh Fez Blue
Electric Majorelle Blue
Dark and Light Indigos 
Sky
Meaning
Heaven, Water, Planet Mercury. Color could protect from evil eyes.

​Found in Tiling, Floor, Textiles, Door and window frames, Garden furniture​

Color
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White
Ivory
​Beige
​Cleanness, Good luck, Beauty, Femininity. As a complement to other Moroccan patterns that use darker colors.

Color
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Red
Salmon
Rose
Pink
Fuchsia
Violet
​Bordeaux
​Female, Sexuality, Fertility, Childbirth which relates to happy marriage. Some said it also represent the planet Mars.

Color
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Black
Soft Black
Smoke
​Brown
​Though the scheme is popularly used, however it holds a negative connotation. These colors are likely to bring bad luck and grief.

Color
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Green
Bottle Green
Blue Green
Grass Green
​​The color relates with the interpretation of heaven or paradise.


Color
​Yellow Gold
Lemon Yellow
Dark Yellow
Orange Yellow
​Orange
​Gold, Wealth, Sun. Believed that these colors would protect them from evil.

​​https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_architecture
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Traditional contemporary wood ceiling at the Royal Mansour Hotel, Marrakech, Morocco
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Traditional contemporary wood ceiling at the Royal Mansour Hotel, Marrakech, Morocco
This is a new hand carved, hand painted traditional wood ceiling using traditional motifs on cedar wood
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Here you can see a hand drawn template, hand cut and used to trace the pattern onto the cedar wood ceiling in pencil. The pattern is then hand painted with custom colours.
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Colours are matched to the design and mixed for an exact colour match
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In the workshop, the artisans have many templates and spend hours perfecting the technique and matching the designs
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The hand carved frieze and ceiling elements are done by first sketching the design with a template and then hand chiselling the soft cedar wood
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Below is an example of a traditional reeded ceiling.
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Intricate details in the frieze, and trims conceal air slots for HVAC air supply and return grills
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9 Comments

COLOUR OF THE YEAR 2020

12/6/2019

1 Comment

 
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Pantone announced the colour of the year for 2020: CLASSIC BLUE Pantone 19-4052

Not quite Royal Blue this colour is softer and calming and can add some pops of colour in your space if used in the right way.
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"The cobalt blue hue is also said to be associated with communication, introspection and clarity. Other benefits of the hue include aiding concentration and helping to re-centre thoughts, particularly in light of technology's accelerating developments." - Dezeen
"A boundless blue evocative of the vast and infinite evening sky, Pantone 19-4052 Classic Blue encourages us to look beyond the obvious to expand our thinking; challenging us to think more deeply, increase our perspective and open the flow of communication," said Leatrice Eiseman, executive director of Pantone Color Institute.

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https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2019/12/pantone-color-of-the-year-2020-is-my-boyfriend
https://www.mosaichse.com/portfolio.php?section=bath
www.dezeen.com/2019/12/05/six-interiors-pantone-2020-colour-classic-blue/



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MOROCCAN INSPIRATIONS

9/12/2018

2 Comments

 
A recent trip to Morocco had me inspired by so many things. Colours, patterns, materials, textiles. Some of my favourite photos...
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2 Comments

What is Zellige?

5/28/2018

1 Comment

 
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Zellige is a type of mosaic tile work from Morocco. This traditional art requires meticulous craftsmanship to execute flawlessly, it is used as an architectural feature or artistic element within a water feature, on walls, floors, or ceilings. The tiles are made by hand. The process requires attention to detail and is a craftsmanship passed down through the generations of family owned businesses. The word "zellige" comes from Arabic الزليج   ( al zulaycha ) that means 'little polished stone'.
The art of zellige was introduced to Europe during the  13th century in the Al Andalus area, what is today known as Spain & Portugal but originated well before that in the Islamic world.  The patterns symbolize the infinite nature of God (Allah). Artisans were prohibited from depicting living beings in artwork and used instead, geometric shapes and patterns as a form of expression. Fes and Meknes in Morocco currently remain a centre of this art form.
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The tiles are made from clay found near Fes and are prepared as 11cm square tiles, approximately 6-12mm thick which are baked in a Kiln. Glazed colour is then applied, and the tiles are baked again. After the square coloured tiles are complete an artisan will the sketch the required geometric shapes on the larger tiles and cut them down by hand. The individual shaped tiles (called furmah) are then pieced together into the larger geomtric patterns.  
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The tiles can be installed two ways. The first method requires the individual tiles to be laid out in geometric shapes and patterns on the floor, then plaster is applied to the back of the tiles to create large panels which can then be applied to walls, floors, ceilings etc. The second method requires direct application on the wall or other surface over a layer of plaster.
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The colour options are endless as each colour is custom mixed according to the design requirements. Traditional colours are blue, red, green, gold, black and white.

In contemporary designs endless colours can be created, leaving the art open to modern interpretation.

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Luxury Mattresses

5/1/2018

4 Comments

 
Recently a friend asked me what was the best organic mattress. I needed to do some research on this. I have been working with luxury products for years and the most sought after mattress for my projects has been King Koil Luxury Mattress. However, these are not necessarily the most non-toxic and organic mattresses on the luxury market. 
The other two brands which sparked my interest are Essentia and Hastens. See below for descriptions of each of these brands and products.

King Koil
​Come January, King Koil will be introducing a new organic collection to answer the consumer demand - See more at: http://www.kingkoil.com/blog/the-organic-mattress-explosion/#sthash.5jaI2o0O.dpuf

King Koil's Luxury mattress Palermo Plush Euro 
Palermo features 800 individually wrapped coils, Silk and Wool, Latex Gel, Visco Gel Memory Foam, and a host of other comfort layers to maximize your perfect night’s sleep.


  • Quilt: Silk & Wool Blend, AdvantaGel
  • Insert:Gel Response Latex, ifushion
  • Upholstery:Super Soft Foam
  • Coil:Contour Plus Elite
  • Edge:Excellent Edge FE
  • Base:Enhanced Balance Base Foam
  • Foundation:Amish-Made Natural Wood Foundation
  • Warranty:10 Years Non-Prorated
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Hastens
Luxuria is defined by its slightly firmer support characteristics. You’ll feel how it immediately meets, and adjusts to, your body weight as you lie down before gently carrying you off to sleep.
This extra support comes from a Bonnell spring system with a thicker thread dimension. Thick layers of cotton close to your body provide added softness. With Luxuria, you’ll awake alert, refreshed and energized.
Real luxury is never artificial. It always comes from nature. And nature is the birthplace of Hästens Luxuria, one of the most loved beds in our continental bed collection.
Hästens Luxuria is more than just a beautiful bed, it's the full package—delivering an incredible night's sleep.
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Essentia

Essential Natural Memory Foam is made using hevea milk (rubber tree sap). It feels like the memory foam we all know and love, but it's made without the gunk.

Love a luxuriously soft, pillow-top type mattresses? If so, the Fior delivers distinct contouring support of a Dormeuse but with a plush surface you'll just sink right into and enjoy.
Benefits & AdvantagesPillow-topless - Dust mites love traditional pillow-top mattresses. They nest in the light polyester, cotton or wool batting. 

The fiberless pillow-top delivers the luxury you'll love, without the nesting grounds. This is achieved with a specially formulated, Fior foam formula, featured exclusively in this model. This soft, durable layer is molded over the Fior providing that pillow-top like feel that will bring you back every night wanting more. 

Three unique foam formulas are used to create Essentia's most luxurious mattresses. The decadently soft Fior top layer leads you to slowly sink into the support layers below.
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4 Comments

DESIGNING FOR SPAS, HEALTH AND WELLNESS

2/6/2018

3 Comments

 
Considerations when designing a space for a health, wellness and relaxation:
  • Comfort
  • Materials & Finishes
  • Lighting
  • Colour
  • The floor plan​
​
COMFORT 
When designing a space for a wellness facility whether it is a spa, clinic, gym or gathering place the first thing that the user will notice is their comfort level. Is the lighting pleasing and relaxing, is the temperature comfortable, is there sufficient way-finding, does it smell nice, is there loud noises or comforting sounds. All these sensory experiences will have an impact on the user creating a pleasant or unpleasant experience. The entrance should be inviting and calming. Water features create a visual and audio sensory effect that evokes nature and induce relaxation. Indirect dim lighting along with natural materials will aid in creating a relaxing environment. Plants and natural materials like stone and wood will bring a connection with nature.
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MATERIALS
The use of materials is important to create a healthy space for healing, relaxation and wellness. First and foremost the materials and finishes must be non-toxic. No off gassing or toxic fumes. The materials should have natural properties, look and feel. Finishes can be rustic or sleek and modern but they should not interfere or compete with the users requirement for relaxation to promote healing. Sound is important so surfaces should be softened with rugs or fabric panels to reduce noise vibration. Natural stone looks excellent and creates a natural  look and feel. Polished  stone will create louder spaces. If the space is large, split faced stone can deflect sound within the space. Precious stones and crystals can add hidden meaning.
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LIGHTING
Lighting is so important to add emphasis in areas of importance and to create soothing and relaxing spaces where needed. Indirect lighting is an effective way to create a nice ambience while still illuminating the space as required for functionality. Accent lighting can be used to emphasize the materials and finishes. Signage should be well lit. ​
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Lanterns can create soft lighting and play with shadows which can make a space feel more comfortable and intimate. Lighting can create a focal point and interest on an otherwise plain surface.
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COLOUR
If the space is a gym or activity area, brighter colour or coloured lighting can energize the space. Colours can be effective and invoking emotion and therefore creating energy.
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PSYCHOLOGY OF COLOUR WHEEL
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THE FLOOR PLAN & WAYFINDING
Confusion creates stress. The space should be easy navigate. Planning and signage are key to create simplicity for the user to experience the space. Whether small or large the plan can be centred upon a hub, for example a relaxation area, or it can be successional spaces. As long as the flow is consistent and is not confusing. There is nothing worse then getting lost in a twisting hallway with too many doors. The plan should be intuitive and thoughtful. Waiting and relaxation areas should be quiet and not adjacent to busy spaces. If possible a separation between staff areas and public areas creates more of a stress free atmosphere for guests. 
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3 Comments

upholstered furniture and your health

2/1/2018

1 Comment

 
Sofas containing flame retardant on foam are dangerous for our health. The chemicals have been found to cause health problems including cancer. Prior to synthetic foams, feathers, horsehair, wool or cotton batting, and straw was used to fill furniture cushions. Polyurethane foam was introduced as a cushion component in furniture in 1957. Flame retardants were introduced as a safety precaution but end up causing more harm than good. The following are fire retardant chemicals to avoid:

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) 
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers or PBDEs, are chemicals used as flame retardants in a many products, including building materials, electronics, furnishings, motor vehicles, airplanes, plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles. 1 PBDEs resemble the molecular structure of PCBs, which have been linked to cancer, reproductive problems and impaired fetal brain development. PBDEs have been banned in some U.S. states and the European Union, but they persist in the environment and accumulate in your body – and often exist in products imported from other countries. Higher exposures to PBDEs have been linked to decreased fertility, hormone disruptions, fetal developmental issues, and cancer. In utero and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with neurodevelopmental delays, including decreased attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition.
Another dangerous flame-retardant chemical known as chlorinated tris (TDCPP) can be found in some couch cushions across the United States. The chemical can be transfered in dust form from the foam  into household dust and inhaled or ingested. Vacuums and air filters with a HEPA-filter and/or a wet mop helps to reduce exposure to toxic dust. 2 
Polyurethane foam products manufactured prior to 2005 are most likely to contain PBDEs. Avoid reupholstering furniture pieces you may suspect to contain PBDEs as the reupholstering process increases your risk of exposure

Firemaster 550 
Firemaster 550 made with bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH). TBPH is nearly idential to DEHP, the phthalate banned in children’s products due to evidence of carcinogenicity and developmental toxicity.

How to Avoid It
  • Avoid upholstered furniture with the TB117 label. If the label states,"This article meets the flammability requirements of California Bureau of Home Furnishings Technical Bulletin 117 … " it most likely contains flame retardants. However, even upholstered furniture that's unlabeled may contain flame retardants.
  • Look for the TB117-2013 label on furniture (the label should state the item meets the standards without fire retardants).
In addition to flame retardants there are other toxins to consider
  • Wrinkle or stain-resistant coatings should be avoided (Older Scotchguard containing PFOS), glues and finishes on wooden legs can contain formaldehyde, polyurethane foam can release VOCs because it is a petroleum-by product. 
  • Foam carpet padding often contains flame retardants. 2

Healthy Alternatives: 3
  • Certified organic fabrics (cotton, hemp, and a cotton/hemp blend)
  • Sustainably-sourced hardwood,  FSC-certified
  • Organic wool batting used as a natural flame barrier
  • Zero-VOC linseed oil and AFM Safecoat stains
  • Avoidance of formaldehyde glues, polyester, polyurethane, dacron batting
  • Foam made from 100% natural latex rubber (resistant to bacteria, mildew, and mold) 
  • Feather/down fill cleaned with non-toxic cleansers before use
  • Water-based glues
  • Stains and finishes without solvents, preservatives, or biocides

Tyical Upholstered Chair

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A. Wood frame
B. Foam wrap
C. Zig Zag springs
D/E. Spring/Foam
F. Foam / Fabric wrap
G. Wood with finish
H. Wood Base
I. Coiled Springs
J. Felt/foam pad
K. Edge Roll
L. Fabric Finish
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1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers

2.articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/05/10/firefighters-flame-retardants-exposure.aspx

3. https://gimmethegoodstuff.org/safe-product-guides/sofa/

4. ​https://www.mychemicalfreehouse.net/2021/05/non-toxic-furniture.html
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    ALISON BRANDT

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